Language Proficiency Assessments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Language Proficiency Assessments - Essay Example Two frameworks influence language proficiency assessment processes including planning curriculum, assessment, and instruction. The main elements of the system include English language proficiency standards, language domains, grade level clusters, and language proficiency level. The Language Proficiency Standards reflects the dimensions of acquiring second language anticipated from English language learners in grade levels K-12. Among the five English Language Proficiency Standards, each standard is set to deal with particular contexts namely social and instructional settings, mathematics, social studies and science (Blagojevich, Ruiz & Dunn, 2004). Each individual proficiency standard includes four-language domains namely listening, reading, speaking, and writing. In listening, people should process, interpret, and evaluate spoken language in various situations. In speaking, students should engage in oral communication while reading ensures processing, interpretation and evaluation of written language (Blagojevich, Ruiz & Dunn, 2004). Finally, writing ensures students engage in written communication in various situations. The third element, The Language Proficiency Levels and Performance Definitions, outlines the progression in language development in the acquisition of English as an additional language through five a five-stage process including entering, beginning, developing, expanding, and bridging (Blagojevich, Ruiz & Dunn, 2004). These processes synthesize model performance indicators in each language proficiency level. Finally, the final elements, Model Performance Indicators are measurable indices of the language domains targeting the age and developmental levels of English Language Learners (Blagojevich, Ruiz & Dunn, 2004). These are examples drawn from experiences in other language proficiency assessments and used to augment other systems to improve language proficiency. According to the checklist, assessment problems may emerge in

The essay talks of a woman Essay Example for Free

The essay talks of a woman Essay The first essay talks of a woman who loved and treasured her husband even in death. It talks of a widow who was married in Ephesus. The essay highlights her as being very beautiful. It was a culture to mourn your husband by beating the naked breast in front of the crowd and pulling off one’s hair. But this widow went on to follow the dead into his tomb where he mourned for five days. (Heinemann, 1913, p. 229-235). It is ironical that whoever could console her to stop mourning her late husband was a soldier who was guarding the bodies of some robberies that had been crucified after her friends and relatives were unable to do it. It’s also ironical that a dead body was stolen as the soldier was consoling a widow who was also mourning over a dead body. Its also ironical the dead body that made the woman mourns for five days without food or water is the one that was used to replace the lost dead body of the robber. ( Heinemann ,1913, p. 229-235) The second story talks of a man who loved his wife so much that he sacrificed all what he had and sold it to entertain his wife. It is ironical that he sold all the luxuries that gave him pleasure only remaining with a falcon just to please or rather buy the love of his wife and yet remain a poor man the rest of his life. Federigo loved his wife such that he even offered to slaughter his only remaining asset the falcon which he even loved more than any of his wife in order to serve it to the visitors of her wife. (Kaplan, 2006, p. 2 -3) It is too ironical that he sold everything to please his wife and remain poor and at the end his wife did not accept him. It is also ironical that that at his dying moment, the boy asked for the falcon and it lacked, he died. Irony is also seen when Giovanna instead of loving his husband when he was wealthy and having a lot to offer, he loved him most when he was poor and had nothing to offer. (Kaplan ,2006, p. 2 -3,) Both stories relate to denial for love of another person. In the first essay we see the widow has much love for her late husband but opts to give his body to replace the stolen thief’s body and not see another man whom he loves die. It is just funny how loves both them but also wise of her sacrifice the dead in order to save the living. (Heinemann ,1913, p. 229-235) The second essay opted to be poor by selling everything to show his wife love. At the end of the essay the wife appreciates his husbands love and thus reciprocates it by refusing to be re-married to wealthy merchants. This love is seen even in death where both Federigo and Giovanna share the same tomb. (Kaplan, 2003, p. 2 -3). Conclusion, According to my evaluation of the two stories, I think the second story is more effective on how it uses its narration skills and how it describes the whole event of love and fate. Though the story is tragic it end in comic way where there is joy after we note that afterwards the couple loved each other even in death unlike in the first story where the woman was torn between two loves and is why he had to give up one and take in the other. List of Reference: Heinemann W; (1913) Petronius, Satyricon, The Macmillan Company, 1913, ch. 111- 112, pp. 229-235 Kaplan H. L . (2006). Federigo Alberighi and Monna Giovanna SOCAN Available at http://www. thrinberry-frog. com Accessed on June 30, 2008.

Perils of Addiction Exposed in Stevensons Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essa

Perils of Addiction Exposed in Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde  Ã‚   The values, standards, and expectations of the upper-middle class in the 19th-century Victorian society were conservative and strict; the pressure to earn prestige and achieve upward mobility in social rank required men to sustain an image of propriety and respectability in public.   These obligations often created a longing to divert from the personality facades they had to keep, and from the ideal behavior and polite manners that were expected of bourgeois society men.   Some would fulfill their wishes by leading a secret double life that allowed them to temporarily escape from societal responsibilities and restrictions.   In more private settings, men would partake in sinful pleasures, such as alcohol or drug abuse, and they were free to behave more loosely than they could under the rigid public persona they were forced to hold in order to protect their reputations. In the introduction to the Oxford edition of Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Emma Letley describes the desire to escape from the "Calvinistic confines of nineteenth-century bourgeois" society, and relates that Mr. Stevenson himself "would use a benign doubleness to deal with the pressures of high bourgeois existence" and assumed an alias to become one of the "heavy-drinking, convivial, blasphemous iconoclasts. . ." in order to "full-bodiedly enjoy those pleasures denied to [him] and Dr. Jekyll."   (Introduction, x).   With the knowledge that Stevenson resorted to alcohol in order to escape the pressures and demands that fell upon him due to his social class, it is interesting to examine his novella, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, as a commentary about the evils of addiction to alc... ...hat he can finally recognize the severity of his weakness to his drug.   Dr. Jekyll's plight, therefore, could be an exploration of the destructive behavior brought on by addiction, and an underlying moral message is embedded in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde - the implication that addiction will inevitably lead to evilness and the destruction of productive lives. Works Cited Showalter, Elaine. "The Not So Strange Addiction of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." The Haunted Mind in Victorian Literature. Eds. Elton E. Smith and Robert Haas. Landham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1999. Stevenson, Robert Louis. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. First Vintage Classics Edition. New York: Vintage Books, 1991. Veeder, William. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde after One Hundred Years. Eds. William Veeder and Gordon Hirsch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Christology Case Essay

Have you ever wondered if peoples’ names have any real value or significance? If it has any connection to our inner selves, and most specially our souls? A person’s name matters a lot more than we might think; names are given to us which we wear like a label through most of our lives. This is something that allows us to distinguish one from another in speech and writing, but it is truly nothing more than a label and seldom has any true energetic connection to who or what we are. A name can be generally termed as something by which a certain thing possesses the quality of being known so that it establishes its distinctive identity and existence in the scheme of things. Therefore, a name is the very base of the being of something. A name is more than a label. It’s a description of who you are and what your path and purpose in this experience is, was and will be. It is the perfect energetic compliment to your understanding of this experience for yourself; your role , your relationships to others, basically everything about you. â€Å"A name powerfully symbolizes character and importance. â€Å" There are first name, middle name, last name, surname, nick name, family name, given name and etc. when the reference is to people. A surname is usually inherited and, while it may be changed, some form of it is usually retained. Given names are more important in a way because they represent a voluntary choice by the parents or, sometimes, by an individual. By all means, a name is usually not given lightly. My Name Is JAZZY REJEL AGUILLON GOLOSO MEANING â€Å"Jazzy† This name is believed to have an American origin which means â€Å"Fragrant Flower†. Its meaning and origin came from a variantof the Persian Yasmin (Jasmine). â€Å"Jazzy† usually means â€Å"unconventional† or â€Å"unusual†, to stand out and are different from the people around you in a good way. Jazzy personality -means you are outgoing, talkative, funny, and fun to be around. Jazzy sense of humor – means you are clever and think of jokes that other people wouldn’t think of. It could possibly mean that your sense of humor is a little bit crass and you joke about things that others wouldn’t joke about. But not necessarily – it could be completely complimentary. Jazzy clothes or a jazzy dresser -means you probably wear bright, unusual colors or patterns, or your clothes show a unique and modern sense of style. What does it mean to other language? In Spanish -Sassy In French -Sophisticated In Danish -Over smart â€Å"REJEL† Rejel or Rigel (i)-gelIt is Arabic origin,and the meaning of Rigel is â€Å"foot†. In the Orion constellation, Rigelis the blue star of the first magnitude that marks the hunter’s left foot. Nickname (jazz) Jazz, coming from the word Jasm is thought to derive from or be a variant of slang jism or gism, which is defined as â€Å"spirit; energy; spunk.† . Deepening the nexus among these words is the fact that â€Å"spunk† is also a slang term for semen, and that â€Å"spunk†, like jism/jasm, also means spirit, energy, or courage. Other proposed origins include French jaser, meaning to chatter or chat, and French chasser, meaning to chase or hunt and from Irish teas, which is pronounced â€Å"jass† and means â€Å"heat† or â€Å"passion†. ACRONYMN J is for jolly, the fun side! A is for abundant, cheer knows no bounds. Z is for zeal, zest for life. Z is for zany, the funny side of me! Y is for yearn, my innermost desires. R is for reasonable, understanding way. E is for enchant, for enchant will. J is for jolly, the fun side! E is for eternal, spirit will live. L is for loyalty that I show. FAMOUS PEOPLE HAVING THE SAME NAME DJ Jazzy Jeff- Jeffrey Allen Townes, also known as DJ Jazzy Jeff or simply Jazz, is an American hip hop, R&B disc jockey, record producer, turntablist and actor. He is best known for his early career with Will Smith as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince. Jazz Raycole-an American actress and dancer. Jazzy Rhia-female rapper. Research from my parents My mother told me why she named me Jazzy Rejel it’s because of her name Jenny while my father’s name is Romeo the first letter of my first name is from the first letter of my mother’s name, while the first letter of my second name is from the first letter of my father’s name . She said that she named me Jazzy Rejel since when I was born I was cute and adorable. How I could stand up to my name? As what I have researched, my two names mean a fragrant flower and a star- which is at the foot of a constellation. With such unique name, it was hard looking for meanings but as I discover what my name means; it was astonishing to know that my name really fit my personality. If I would be asked to give my own meaning to my name basing on this, I would say that Jazzy Rejelmeans a bubbly, perky person who will do everything to reach her goals and become that star, become a part of something important. I would carry on with my good works, remain as humble and lively and improve on my mishaps. END.

Important Quotes Frankenstein

Important quotes from Frankenstein â€Å"†¦ an enterprise which you have regarded with such evil forebodings. † – RW, P. 7 â€Å"I shall certainly find no friend on the wide ocean,† – RW, P. 11 â€Å"We accordingly brought him back to the deck, and restored him to animation† – RW on VF, P. 14 â€Å"†¦ playful as a summer insect†¦ lively as a bird†¦ the most fragile creature† – VF on E, P. 20 â€Å", the first misfortune of my life occurred – an omen, as it were, of my future misery† – VF, P. 25 â€Å"Thus ended a day memorable to me; it decided my future destiny† – VF on inevitable fate, P. 30 â€Å"†¦ y father had taken the greatest precautions that my mind should be impressed with no supernatural horrors. † – VF on actually having a caring father, also, Gothicism, P. 31 â€Å", I became myself capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter† à ¢â‚¬â€œ VF, P. 32 â€Å"†¦ a dreary night†¦ with an anxiety that almost amounted to agony† – VF and the day of creation, his mental state and pathetic fallacy, P. 35 â€Å"†¦ my candle was nearly burnt out† – VF, a metaphor for his sanity, P. 35 â€Å"†¦ he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks† – VF on the monster as a newborn baby, P. 6 â€Å"†¦ one hand was stretched out† – VF on the monster as Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam, P. 36 â€Å"†¦ but I escaped, and rushed down stairs† – VF abandons his baby, his duty, P. 36 â€Å"Oh, save me! save me! † – VF as a damsel in distress, HC is the saviour, save-haven, P. 39 â€Å"†¦ the season contributed greatly to my convalescence† – VF as a Romantic, nature restores health P. 39 â€Å"During the whole of this wretched mockery of justice, I suffered living torture. â₠¬  – VF, the beginning of injustice; brought on simply by himself, P. 54 â€Å"Could the daemon†¦ lso in his hellish sport have betrayed the innocent to death and ignominy. † – VF. It was VF who betrayed the innocent, so surely then he is the daemon? P. 56 â€Å"Justine died; she rested; and I was alive. † – VF; is death better than life at this point? P. 61 â€Å"†¦ deep, dark, death-like solitude† – VF, P. 61 â€Å"I had been the author of unalterable evils† – VF and his inevitable fate, his realised sense of guilt and fault, P. 62 â€Å"The rain depressed me† – VF, pure and simple pathetic fallacy, P. 65 â€Å"†¦ the view of the tremendous and ever-moving glacier†¦ t had then filled me with a sublime ecstasy† – VF on the sublime nature of his setting, P. 66 LINK: â€Å"Infinity has a tendency to fill the mind with that sort of delightful horror† – Edmund B urke, On the Sublime and Beautiful â€Å"†¦ the vast river of ice†¦ their icy and glittering peaks† – VF, a continuation of the sublime, and a reference to Rime, P. 67 LINK: â€Å"The ice was here, the ice was there / The ice was all around† – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner â€Å"All men hate the wretched† – M, proving himself different to humans, P. 7 â€Å"†¦ you, my creator† – M, master/slave distinction, father/son distinction, self-awareness, P. 68 â€Å"I ought to be thy Adam; but I am rather the fallen angel† – M is comparing himself to the devil. Whereas he should have been a perfect being, he became an archetypal fallen angel, like Lucifer for example, P. 68 LINK: â€Å"Awake, arise or be for ever fall’n. † – John Milton, Paradise Lost â€Å"†¦ thy creature, who implores thy goodness and compassion. † – M only needed his creator, his father, to care for him. He was of a good nature, until rejection. P. 8 â€Å"; my soul glowed with love and humanity† – M, until he realised he was not human, P. 68 â€Å"Oh, praise the eternal justice of man! † – M. This brilliantly ironic; the monster has learnt sarcasm, and is using it to condemn VF for wanting to murder him, despite VF accusing the monster of murder. In doing so, the monster mocks the injustice of Justine’s trial, as well as William’s death, P. 69 â€Å"Cursed be the day†¦ in which you first saw light! † – VF. Unlike convention, the symbolism of light here is negative, P. 69 â€Å"I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain. – M has no parent, he learns through trial and error, P. 71 â€Å"†¦ miserable, from the inclemency of the season, and still more from the barbarity of man. † – M, as an unnatural being, has at this point neither nature nor mankind. He is a reject, P. 73 â€Å"It was indeed a paradise, compared to the bleak forest, my former residence† – M, his hovel is a paradise from which he is soon banished, after he gives in to curiosity and tries the ‘forbidden fruit’; talking to humankind, P. 75 â€Å"†¦ when I found that in doing this I inflicted pain on the cottagers, I abstained† – M learns guilt, is of a good nature, P. 7 â€Å"I went into the woods, and collected my own food and fuel for the cottage. † – M becomes a parent to the De Lacy family, and furthermore becomes a peasant, P. 79 â€Å"The lady was dressed in a dark suit, and covered with a thick black veil† – M describes Safie as dressing in a Gothic manner, P. 80 â€Å"†¦ her eyes were dark, but gentle† – M, provides alternate view to idea of black symbolising darkness or Gothicism, P. 81 â€Å"And what was I? † – M has no cl ass, has no role in society, P. 83 â€Å"Of what a strange nature is knowledge! – M realises that maybe all that he has learnt is not for the better, P. 83 â€Å"The injustice of his sentence was very flagrant† – M again experiences injustice, grows evermore corrupt, P. 85 â€Å"I can hardly describe to you the effect of these books† – M acquires life-changing books, P. 89 â€Å"†¦ the picture of an omnipotent God warring with his creatures† – M, familiar? M vs. VF, P. 90 â€Å"Like Adam, I was created apparently united by no link to any other being in existence, but†¦ he had come forth from the hands of God a perfect creature, happy and prosperous†¦ I was wretched, helpless and alone. – M links himself to Adam, realises he is not a perfect creature, or a human. He acknowledges his alienation, his loneliness, P. 90 LINK: â€Å"Adam, the goodliest man of men since born his sons† – John Milton, Para dise Lost â€Å"Many times I considered Satan as the fitter emblem of my condition† – M is the fallen angel, P. 90 â€Å"†¦ the hearts of men†¦ are full of brotherly love and charity† – De Lacy, but maybe M isn’t a human brother, he is different, P. 93 â€Å"I am blind, and cannot judge of your countenance, but there is something in your words which persuades me that you are sincere. † – De Lacy.M speaks eloquently, is compassionate (at this point) and cares for the De Lacy family, but on the outside is a monster, P. 94 â€Å"No: from that moment I declared everlasting war against the species† – M is rejected by De Lacy family, P. 95 â€Å"This was then the reward of my benevolence! † – M saves a woman from drowning, and is shot in doing so. Again, it is his appearance, not his intention, that is seen by mankind, P. 99 â€Å"You, my creator, would tear me to pieces† – M, but actually , VF tears the female M to pieces, P. 102 â€Å"Oh! my creator, make me happy† – M, this is the simplest demand to his father/creator, P. 02 â€Å"I do not destroy the lamb and the kid, to glut my appetite; acorns and berries afford me sufficient nourishment† – M; eco-criticism? P. 103 â€Å"; the sun will shine on us as on man, and will ripen our food. † – M. Both Romantic (nature supplying food) and Marxist (all men are equal)? P. 103 â€Å"†¦ with this deadly weight yet hanging around my neck† – VF acknowledges his guilt, but it still exists. Also, has he replaced religion with his actions, and replaced God with himself? P. 108 LINK: â€Å"Instead of the cross, the Albatross / About my neck was hung. – Samuel Coleridge, Rime of the Ancient Mariner. â€Å"But in Clerval I saw the image of my former self† – VF. Could it be that Clerval is the innocent, ambitious and excitable VF, and the monster is t he corrupt and miserable VF? P. 113 â€Å", the sight of what is beautiful in nature†¦ could always interest my heart. † – VF was (he is recollecting his childhood, here) a Romantic. Now, he has gone against nature and created something unnatural, P. 114 â€Å"Had I a right†¦ to inflict this curse upon everlasting generations? † – VF suddenly gains a conscience. Was M simply a ‘test-run’?He has learnt his lesson, and he shall now tear up the female M, P. 119 â€Å"Have my murderous machinations deprives you also, my dearest Henry, of life? † – VF, I think we now know who the murderer is, P. 127 â€Å"The peasants were shut up in their hovels† – VF, so was M a peasant? P. 148 â€Å"You have read this strange and terrific story†¦ do you not feel your blood congealed with horror, like that which even now curdles mine? † – RW; so was the story Gothic? P. 151 LINK: â€Å"†¦ one to make the reader dread to look around, to curdle the blood, and quicken the beatings of the heart. – Mary Shelley, on what Frankenstein was intended to be. â€Å"in his murder my crimes are consummated;† – M, upon seeing VF dead, believes justice has been done. He who abandoned him has suffered. P. 158 â€Å"I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion† – M did actually develop fully, though. He was, however, an aborted experiment, P. 160 â€Å"He was soon borne away by the waves, and lost in darkness and distance. † RW, not only is M lost in darkness, but so is the reader. What happens next? Does M really stay by his word? What comes of RW? P. 161

The Happy Prince Essay Example

The Happy Prince Essay Example The Happy Prince Paper The Happy Prince Paper Essay Topic: The Prince The Happy Prince is apparently an imaginative fairy-tale. It tells about unbelievable and supernatural incidents. It is an old form of writing stories which is not appreciated now-a-days. Yet the author has combined modern theme with an ancient form. Oscar Wild was a sensible writer conscious of present values and conditions of the Victorian age. The Happy Prince Is the story of a typical ruler who lived a life of luxury and happiness. He was completely detached from common people and knew nothing about their arrows and misfortunes. After his death his statue was fixed high on a tower. He was decorated with gold and Jewels and looked very beautiful. Looking at the city he could see the poor, the needy and the handicapped suffering from disease and poverty. When he saw their miserable plight, his heart was moved and he decided to help them. So, he requested the little swallow to take his gold and Jewels to them. The story tells us in detail how the poor live in dark and narrow houses. They do not even get enough to make their both ends meet. We also come to know that Jews are fond of money and gold. The decision of the mayor of the city to melt the statue of the Happy Prince and make his own indicates Jealousy and craze for fame and popularity in that society. Although the story is unreal, yet the situations given in it apply perfectly to the conditions prevailing in that society. So, it has been rightly commented that these stories were written to mirror modern life in a form remote from reality. However, the story teaches a good moral lesson to the readers.

Annotation from Emma essays

Annotation from Emma essays This passage from Emma initiates the conclusion to the novel. As the conversation between Mr. Knightly and Emma unfolds both misinterpret the intentions of the other. Mr. Knightly believes that Emma grieves over the loss of Frank Churchill while Emma fears that Mr. Knightly intends to express his attachment to Harriet. These false assumptions reinforce one of the major themes of the novel: the obstacles of open expression. Seldom, very seldom does complete truth belong to any human disclosure; seldom can it happen that something is not a little disguised, or a little mistaken; but where, as in this case, though the conduct is mistaken, the feelings are not, it may not be very material. In support to this quotation, when they finally remove the restraints of their feared assumptions all becomes clear and they finally express their true feelings for each other. Mr. Knightly finds great difficultly in expressing his feelings though; ironically he finds himself with a lack of words. T he declaration of love shared between Mr. Knightly and Emma also helps to tie up most loose ends; however, it foreshadows an obstacle with regards to Harriet. This match further confirms Emmas failure at matchmaking having been so happily matched herself while also impending that the news of Emmas engagement to Mr. Knightly will crush Harriet. It is at this point bitter-sweet emotions arise. While Emma is overcome with happiness in her match, she also feels guilt for Harriet and for the uncertainty which lays ahead for Harriet. ...

A 5-Step Guide to Revising Your Writing

A 5-Step Guide to Revising Your Writing When writing a paper, getting your thoughts collected, organized and onto paper is the first major hurdle. This alone is enough to send some students into a panic as they feel the pressure is on to churn out a final draft on their first try. The truth is that the first draft of your paper should be little more than an extended stream of consciousness on which you can build, tweak and finally produce your masterpiece. Revising your paper doesnt have to be difficult, though. Heres well give you a 5 step road map to revising that rough draft into the literary masterpiece you know it can be. Step 1: Just Write! The first step is to just get your thoughts down onto paper. Many times, this is one of the hardest steps since staring at a blank page can be intimidating for even the most seasoned writers. To get the ball rolling, begin by setting up a loose outline of what you want to write. Even if your rough draft outline begins with just vague ideas, questions to yourself and off topic tangents, it doesnt matter. This is simply meant to give you a framework on which to build. Bulk out your outline with quotes, statistics and other facts to act as touchstones throughout the paper. As you copy and paste facts, figures or relevant quotes, be sure youre keeping all sources in a separate document. For now, dont worry about formatting, spelling, grammar or even lucidity. See also How to write an introduction to an essay and How to begin and end your essay. Step 2: Begin Tying it Together Now that you have a basic framework, you can start tying everything together. This draft should be more cohesive and you can consider it your Working Draft. You may still go off on unrelated tangents and theres still no need to worry about spelling or grammar. You should, however, focus on tying arguments into your main point. You can help this process by identifying your papers main point establishing the point of the paper (to inform, argue, defend, etc) write your thesis statement (highlight this or put it in bold so you can find it easily as you continue to write) make sure each paragraph has a topic sentence and evidence or support directly connected to it get rid of off topic sections (if you think they could come in useful later, save them to a different file) This will help you bring the paper together and, by now, it should start reading more fluently. Read through it a second time and continue to cut the fat until it reads well and doesnt have a lot of superfluous information that could distract readers. Step 3: Read it Like a Reader The best way to check this step off the list is to sleep on it. Once you have a working draft, save everything and then dont look at it again for at least a day. Then, sit down and read it with your reader in mind. Consider the arguments they may come up with against your point or how they may interpret some of your conclusions. Look for any spots of fuzzy logic and begin to highlight and fix any problems in structure, grammar, spelling or in the way the paper flows. If you find sections jumping around too much, use transition paragraphs to help make it easier to follow. Move around paragraphs or entire sections if thats what it takes to make the paper easier to follow for readers. Step 4: Read it Out Loud Reading through your paper out loud engages your hearing which can help you identify misplaced punctuation and also helps to engage other parts of your brain which can boost creativity. Read from a hard copy so that you can easily make notes as you go through the paper. You can also record your reading so that you can just make verbal notes which may help since you wont have to stop and write things down. You can also highlight clunky areas on your hard copy to come back and rework later. Step 5: Get Critical Now is the time to read through your paper with a truly critical eye. Once youve added your notes from your final reading and tightened up the paper, its time to read it like you want to find something wrong. Get as critical as you can and highlight any areas that dont read well or which seem confusing. You should have some idea of what your instructor wants as well as what they are likely to focus on. Does this professor love shooting holes in a students argument? Look for any tiny loophole and address it in the relevant section. Or maybe its a professor who looks for errors in formatting, bibliography or footnotes. Tweak the paper with the reader in mind in order to deliver a perfectly tailored paper.

Bakhtins Principles of Carnivalesque Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bakhtins Principles of Carnivalesque - Essay Example 1. Pros: Since the designs have primarily been designed for women, they exude sexuality. The woman’s sexuality has been celebrated in my design through the subtle use of cuts and fits that emphasize womanly curves. Â  2. The celebration of Life and Death: My collection is a celebration of both life and death. Life is celebrated by using contemporary patterns and forms, and yet the element of death is not forgotten. Death is hinted at through the monotone palette used in the entire collection. Â  3. Gender Roles Ambiguity: Though this collection is designed for women, the use of colors and the form of the designs create an ambiguity of gender roles. I have used a palette that goes away with the vibrant colors so that the outfits could enjoy more of a unisex feel. Â  4. The celebration of the ‘Grotesque Body’: When I created this collection, I chose to accentuate certain curves of the body, while doing away with those that are not considered flattering in today’s society. The ideal figure in today’s society has a liking towards the ‘Grotesque Body’. 5. Social Overturning: In this collection, the element of social overturning is also found. Using bold shapes and cuts, I have been able to create an aura of authority for the wearer of the garment. As this collection is meant for females, I have to able to give authority to females in a male dominant society. Â  6. Crowning and Uncrowning: The coats and layers that are present in my design collection create an impact of crowing and uncrowning. Coats are usually associated in the modern world as a symbol of the business and elite class. While coats create the whole feel of the garment, they could also be removed and thus the element of crowing and uncrowning is also present.

Healthy Chaos Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthy Chaos - Movie Review Example The themes presented in Pi are representative of more than stock market numbers. Rather, Stuart N Davidson contends that "Chaos theory is becoming as important to medicine as it is to physics," (1998). To be sure, we have seen the theory used to model other highly complex systems, including everything from population growth and epidemics to arrhythmic heart palpitations. The truth is, when applying chaos theory, we can see that even something as seemingly random as a dripping faucet has a pattern or sense of order behind it. Davidson argues that "a healthy human is a series of fractal systems each in a state of internal chaos but global order. However, if we put very large numbers of us apparently well-ordered organisms together in social units . . . chaos again appears, but then again becomes perceived as orderly when regarded from afar," (1998). This is to say that neither humans, nor social structures, though they seem to be well ordered, are free from internal chaos. This chaos however, can be regarded as healthy.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay Example Motivations to engage into corporate social responsibility as shown by Alliance Boots a pharmaceutical corporation can be categorized into four categories. These are: - preservation of human rights, adhering to labor requirements, environmental protection and to run corruption free organizations. Businesses have the responsibility of supporting and respecting human rights throughout the world. With this regard they are motivated to engage into CSR activities to ensure they do not commit any human right abuses (Vidaver-Cohen an Simcic 2008, p.74). With regards to labor movements, organizations should strive to uphold labor requirements and must always respect collective bargaining agreements. They must not at all costs engage in ant forms of forced labor, do away with child labors and must not also discriminate when employing (Waddell 2000, p.113). Alliance Boots has ensured this by establishing efficient and effective employee handling measures right from how they recruit which is fa ir and transparent, the promotion procedures are quite distinct and the welfare of their employees are well taken care of in terms of safe working environment and good and satisfactory remuneration (Campbell 2007, p.142). Another factor that motivates companies is the preservation of the environment that they operate in. It is through global warming that the destruction of the environment results and it is because of the carbon emissions from the industries that world temperatures rise. They must therefore participate to preserve the same environment since it is the sources of raw material. Green operations and campaigning Green are therefore quite common phenomenon to safeguard operations of most corporations (Waddock and Smith 2000, p.232). The companies are engaged in this by throwing their support towards precautionary measures towards the environmental challenges. In addition, they strive to undertake mechanisms to promote their responsibility towards environmental responsibili ty (Campbell 2007, p.173). Alliance Boots engages in development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technology in the design and manufacture of its products including their distribution. Moral and ethical responsibility is a function of most modern corporations to ensure that the businesses collectively work towards discouraging corrupt practices. Alliance Boots ensures they satisfy these motivations through the trust they have built and bestowed upon all their stakeholders. 2. The extent to which ethical issues /CSR drive strategy in the organization In order to determine the extent CSR drives organization strategy, it is appropriate to identify firms or a firm that employs CSR or ethical issues and compare that with their financial performance. Considering Alliance Boots whose CSR approach reflects their internal decision making approaches, CSR is responsible in driving its strategy since without it, it would not be in a position of identifying external stakeholders in its decision-making processes as dictated by management (Husted & Allen 2011, p.127). Therefore, CRS and ethical issues enables the organization to gather information from the external environment. Consequently, through the

Serious Thinking Impacts and Reactive Decision Making Dissertation

Serious Thinking Impacts and Reactive Decision Making - Dissertation Example Consequently, ways of decision making that permit a restricted variety of option are pleasing. For this cause, workers who activate in this way appear to be preferred above those who do not. The unconsidered environment of defense has formed UK Defence Ministry workers who lean, or necessitate, observing problems in one measurement. Problem-adjusted defense needs workers to inspect problems cautiously, to disconnect problems into their detached elements. Most significantly, it obligates workers to dedicate time to effect a problem throughout so as to accumulate time by eradicating or decreasing prospect occasions. Once showing serious thoughts, one leans to discern the confusing forces which formed the observed phenomenon. In other words, the numerous extents of problems are observed. This might slow down the hustle of decision making. The procedure of Toyota problem solving could get an extended time. Known that every phase based upon the previous phases, it must be obvious that by using moderately more attempt on the former phases, time and money must be accumulated on the afterward stages. Regrettably, tiring executives frequently use too modest attempt on the problem searching and formulation phases in their normally creditable but frequently mistaken conviction in the advantages of operating rapidly and determinedly. For instance, the answer to a plunge in sales may give up the decision to expand a complicated reward system for the sales strength (www.highbeam.com). The genuine problem may be reasoned by the deprived pricing strategy or by governmental problems which create extreme hindrances in satisfying a command. There are five main phases in the Toyota problem-solving procedure: Searching the Problem Devising the Problem Creating the Choice of the Solution Execution of the Solution Audit and Review of Results of the Execution Toyota problem-solving starts with the procedure of searching the problem. This is the hardest stage since things are frequentl y not what they appear. What one observes as a problem based on what notions one has about organizations. Indications could both illumine and facade fundamental Toyota problems (Liker and Meier 2005). Searching the problem is a detective match in which the serious evidence is occasionally obvious and other times slight and instinctive, appearing only after an extended procedure of investigation and abolition (Hargadon 2009). Toyota problems, formerly originated, are usually obvious and patently obvious other than they do not come into views so at the commencement. What one wishes to evade is named a Type III mistake; the fault of functioning on the incorrect problem. There are normally a lot of problems excluding which are actually serious? The second stage is formulating the problem. This is hard because it forever engages standards which require be coming out and commerce with so as to create a collective thinking about what is happening and how to progress. Organizations have a l ot of stakeholders with diverse targets and standards. For instance, stockholders search for better surplus and profits. The administration needs control, wealth, and augmented enlargement (Gatignon; Tushman; Smith & Anderson 2002). The workers command more protection, pay, and health advantages.  

Alcatel-Lucent mobile Wallet case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcatel-Lucent mobile Wallet - Case Study Example This provides the user with less friction when using bitcoin in daily transactions. In a case where a user’s wallet has been tampered with, the user can create a new vault and considering that vaults and wallets are paired, this new empty vault invalidates the old wallet. One of the main benefits of this system is that it allows a user to separate their savings from their day-to-day spending. Additionally, the system enables such a user to carry those daily transactions with less friction. The mobile wallet from Alcatel-Lucent equally provides banking services to both developed and developing countries. In developed countries, person-to-person money transfer necessitates the use of this service. On the other hand, underdeveloped banking networks in developing countries have led to many people turning to this service. Despite having tremendous benefits to developing countries, Alcatel-Lucent mobile wallet has been applied more in developed countries. According to Anthony Belpaire, the managing director of Alcatel-Lucent mobile wallet, there are tremendous opportunities for consumers using this service in developed countries (Chaki et al 2011, p.221). Most people in these countries have mobile phones which makes the use of mobile wallet possible to most people in these countries. One of the challenges of decentralized electronic currency systems is managing the various subsystems of the main system to ensure that users can transfer currencies. There is also the risk of losing an electronic device that holds a key to these funds. This may imply losing all the money associated with that device. In order to solve this challenge, fixed-access scenarios have been created to secure electronic devices. This involves encryption and decryption of a disk file paired with a backup of the information stored in the disk file. PEST is a tool used by businesses to analyze the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological changes in a business. Porter’s five

Music industry and peer-2-peer download Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Music industry and peer-2-peer download - Essay Example In addition, it was a PR disaster as most of the lawsuits covered by the media consisted of teenagers and schoolchildren. Meanwhile, the decline of music sales continued unabated as, compared to 2003 when 656 million albums were sold worldwide, sales fell to 250 million in 2012. PR campaigns were touted as the best way to reach more music consumers by communicating the fact that their actions were illegal and hurt the musicians. Although Yar (2008: p46) states that litigation did have an effect in raising awareness among music consumers about the illegal nature of P2P platforms, new methods like PR campaigns are now available and have a better chance at success. This paper will consider three PR campaign frames; structural, symbolic, and political, as used in Pro Music, Music Matters, and SoundByting PR campaigns, as well as their target audiences and their intended effects on the music consumer. The pro-music campaign is a coalition of music industry organizations and individuals, who form an alliance of music retailers, independent and major record companies, artists, managers, performers, and musicians (Baym, 2010: p178). This coalition operates in several countries, including the UK, and seeks to promote an array of ways that music consumers can enjoy music legitimately and safely over the internet. In the UK, it has partnered with ISPA UK to promote community relations that seek to educate the music consumer about the consequences of breaching corporate law when downloading music over P2P file sharing networks. This campaign addresses various issues about online download of content, while also advising consumers about available and legal online music content. The main targets for this campaign are parents, teachers, and young people, seeking to raise awareness about music content-related issues on the internet. The main backer and financier of this PR campaign is the In ternational Federation of Musicians, of which the UK chapter

Alcatel-Lucent mobile Wallet case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcatel-Lucent mobile Wallet - Case Study Example This provides the user with less friction when using bitcoin in daily transactions. In a case where a user’s wallet has been tampered with, the user can create a new vault and considering that vaults and wallets are paired, this new empty vault invalidates the old wallet. One of the main benefits of this system is that it allows a user to separate their savings from their day-to-day spending. Additionally, the system enables such a user to carry those daily transactions with less friction. The mobile wallet from Alcatel-Lucent equally provides banking services to both developed and developing countries. In developed countries, person-to-person money transfer necessitates the use of this service. On the other hand, underdeveloped banking networks in developing countries have led to many people turning to this service. Despite having tremendous benefits to developing countries, Alcatel-Lucent mobile wallet has been applied more in developed countries. According to Anthony Belpaire, the managing director of Alcatel-Lucent mobile wallet, there are tremendous opportunities for consumers using this service in developed countries (Chaki et al 2011, p.221). Most people in these countries have mobile phones which makes the use of mobile wallet possible to most people in these countries. One of the challenges of decentralized electronic currency systems is managing the various subsystems of the main system to ensure that users can transfer currencies. There is also the risk of losing an electronic device that holds a key to these funds. This may imply losing all the money associated with that device. In order to solve this challenge, fixed-access scenarios have been created to secure electronic devices. This involves encryption and decryption of a disk file paired with a backup of the information stored in the disk file. PEST is a tool used by businesses to analyze the political, economic, socio-cultural and technological changes in a business. Porter’s five

Fresh Direct Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fresh Direct - Case Study Example This paper outlines that Jason Ackerman and Joseph Fedele. As a result, many retail grocery stores started offering their service online by developing their websites; online grocery shopping was considered as the best way of doing shopping for food and it affected sales of various retail giants. In order to place an order, the customers need to have an order of $30 along with delivery fees. The company was significantly impacted when competition intensified in the industry as competitors started offering local organic and grown food items but there were some aspects that these emerging competitors were unable to compete with the company. FreshDirect claimed to have revenue of about $250 million which is an increase of almost $20 million from previous year; the customer base is within the range of 20-25%. YourGrocer has been launched with strategy focusing on bulk buying as customers prefer to order in large quantities of goods and get instant deliveries which is being offered by this online grocery store According to Johnson et al., Porter’s five forces model is important for assessing the position of a company in its industry. It will help in making decisions strategically that will help in increasing profitability of FreshDirect. The threat of new entrants is low in online grocery industry as new entrants will have to invest huge capital amount and need to have experience along with understanding about advance technological system for efficient management. Any new entrant will have to learn various aspects on online grocery stores and have access to reliable suppliers and well-known distributors. Customers these days are aware of various options that are available online and have high power for bargaining their prices and needs. It is easier for customers to switch to other competitors if they are not provided high quality products at affordable price range.

Gattaca Film Study Essay Example for Free

Gattaca Film Study Essay Gattaca is often portrayed as a quest film. A quest film is defined as â€Å"a character that is on a journey or adventure with an ultimate goal in mind of completing a task or to obtain an object of significance.† (Merriam-Webster, 2012) The quest often involves overcoming challenges and to do this the character learn something about him/her-self and this then aids them on their â€Å"quest†. Being a quest film, Gattaca shares many characteristics that are often found in other movies of a similar genre. Examples of these include – Pirates of the Caribbean and In Time. Pirates of the Caribbean, is told with the protagonist as Captain Jack Sparrow on a quest to help him obtain immortality. The characters in both Pirates of the Caribbean and Gattaca share many similar traits; they are both after a strongly desired goal and will take the necessary risks to succeed. Gattaca, being produced in 1997, had many cutting edge ideas with such vision leading directors of the time. It was set in what was though the not so distant future of today would look like. It gives us an insight into a world based around the genetically superior, where genes are all that matter. The main character Vincent Freeman has dreamt of becoming an astronaut his whole life but, due to being conceived naturally and receiving a life expectancy of 30 years. He is cast aside in society, labelled a â€Å"Degenerate† and â€Å"Invalid†. Vincent soon learns he will never be able to move ahead in life; to fulfil his dream Vincent uses a â€Å"Borrowed ladder† from a genius named Jerome Eugene Morrow, who is a paraplegic due to an accident overseas. The term a â€Å"Borrowed Ladder† comes as the protagonist Vincent impersonates the life of Jerome thus using his identity. After months of special care, training and changes to his looks, Vincent enters the Aerospace Corporation known as â€Å"Gattaca†. Impersonating Jerome, Freeman becomes the company’s top navigator with a perfect record and clean slate by working hard and working hard to keep his real identity a secret; he is chosen to go on a manned spaceflight to Saturn’s moon Titus, but complications arise. One week before departure, when one of the managing directors is bludgeoned to death. An â€Å"Invalids† profile; Vincent’s old identity, is uncovered by investigators and this threatens to jeopardise his chances of going to Titan. After managing to avoid being caught by using precautions such as placing samples of DNA supplied by Jerome around Gattaca and even receiving help from a young lady, Irene; with whom Vincent develops feelings for. He ends up finally leaving Earth on due course for Titan. Pirates of the Caribbean on Stranger Tides (2011) Pirates of the Caribbean on Stranger Tides (2011) The Pirates of the Caribbean series are another group of quest movies opened by introducing the goal of the main character, Captain Jack Sparrow. He is always on a quest in search for personal well fortune and benefits. He uses his friends throughout these many adventures, and alike Gattaca, the Protagonist is able to achieve his own desires. During Gattaca, Vincent is aided on several occasions, one being when Irene hides his true identity from the authorities to help him complete his goal/mission. Irene does this; I think because she can understand where he is coming from as she has personal experience suffering in a world where genes are everything. The movie ends with Vincent successfully making it onto the space craft headed to Titan; the ending adds a sense of success but subtly hints to deep sadness with two lines, â€Å"They say every atom in our bodies was once part of a star† and â€Å"Maybe I’m not leaving, maybe I’m going home†. The movie reaches a climax when Vincent is almost discovered by his brother (the leading detective on the case), but manages to get past this by telling his brother that â€Å"he always gave 110 percent†. The quest is completed, as shown in Pirates of the Caribbean, when Captain Jack Sparrow finally manages to overcome a final obstacle and regain ownership of his beloved ship, the Black Pearl. This is exactly the same in Gattaca with Vincent overcoming the final problem of his identity getting potentially exposed by a medical examiner giving him one last routine urine test. It is shown through a simple line that the examiner has known his real identity all along. He achieves his goal and boards the spacecraft without any further problems Vincent achieving this goal shows to us that no matter what ones, goal or dreams are, overcoming the problems you are faced with will ultimately help you in achieve it. Gattaca is a good example of a quest movie because it clearly explains what the goal of the protagonist is and once it has established this, it shows how he overcame his many problems to achieve an ultimate goal. There are many attractions for the audience with many special filming techniques and suspenseful moments utilizing a constant beat to add effect and drama. There is a specific scene in the movie where Vincent is meant to be at home sick but instead is unable to be there so he tells Jerome to impersonate him. There is a problem with this, as to open the door and greet the detective, Jerome must climb a stair case. Without the use of his legs Jerome finds this a challenge because he is a paraplegic. The suspense builds as Jerome struggles up the stairs, racing to get to the top before the detectives reach the door. As you would expect, one last moment effort from Jerome manages to keep the detectives from discovering who he really is. Irene plays a vital role in this scene by acting as if Jerome is Vincent, when she herself is only just finding out the truth. Overall, Gattaca is an excellent example of what a quest film should include. It has a strong story and the director utilizes many techniques with the music, lighting and even camera angles to top it off. The protagonist overcomes challenges; his genes as a place marker for him in society, almost becoming discovered as an â€Å"Invalid† and a brother who is close to exposing his secret. I think that the quest, his personal dream of travelling into space is worthwhile as he learns about himself while doing it.

Donald Olding Hebb: Biography and Theories

Donald Olding Hebb: Biography and Theories Obispo, Stacey L. In Chester, Nova Scotia on July 22, 1904 Donald Olding Hebb was born. Both of his parents were medical doctors (Brown Milner, 2003). Donald’s mother home schooled him till the age of 8 because she was heavily influenced by the ideas of Maria Montessori, an Italian physician who believed that education of the senses should come before development of the intellect (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). At the age of 10 Donald’s academic performance was so spectacular it left his teachers amazed and as a result he was promoted to grade 7(University of Alberta Canada, 2008) . Home schooling has been said to influence Donald’s attitude towards authority and policy (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). In his high school years he avoided all adult pressure and held a low estimate of the value of academic achievement and as a result failed the 11th grade (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald managed to graduate and enrolled at Dalhousie University where he receiv ed his B.A. in 1925 (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald carried distain for structured schooling and had a worse than mediocre record at Dalhousie (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). In 1925 he began teaching at an elementary school at his old schoolhouse in Nova Scotia for a year (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald then began working as a laborer and read Sigmund Freud (Brown Milner, 2003). After reading Freud in 1928 Hebb thought that there was area for opportunity in the field of Psychology and sought to go back to school and enrolled at McGill University (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). Donald became bedridden for a year with a tubercular hip and during this time he wrote his M.A. thesis (Brown Milner, 2003). Donald tried to show in his master’s thesis that skeletal reflexes are a product of cellular learning (Brown Milner, 2003). He later said his thesis was nonsense (Brown Milner, 2003). In 1934 Donald made the decision to study physiological psychology, and worked with Lashley in Chicago for three academic terms (Brown Milner, 2003). In 1935 he moved to Harvard with Lashley(Brown Milner, 2003).While at Harvard the idea of neural networking began to take shape in Donald’s mind(Brown Milner, 2003).He later used the ideas of neural networking for his PhD thesis which he submitted in 1936(Brown Milner, 2003). These ideas led him to pivotal ideas that made him famous with the creation of a new branch of psychology (Brown Milner, 2003). Dr. Hebb would later conduct research on the brains of humans regarding intelligence and research on primates (Brown Milner, 2003). Hebb’s research lead him to write the book The Organization of Behavior (University of Alberta Canada, 2008). His book introduced his theory of neural networking (Brown Milner, 2003). In his book Hebb suggests’ that two neurons firing together will strengthen the connection and make it easier for the two neurons to illicit a response from the third. In sum The neurons that fire together, wire together(Brown Milner, 2003).The implications of his findings and theory forever changed physiology and psychology. Hebb’s theory has crossed over from psychology to computer science and engineering (Brown Milner, 2003). Dr. Donald Hebb received acclaim for his theory and findings and was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and served on many boards such as the CPA, APA, NRC (Brown Milner, 2003). Hebb died on August 20, 1985 from what was thought to be a routine surgery on his hip (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Five key findings Hebb discovered transformed the field of learning psychology. The five findings include; cell assembly, phase sequence, arousal theory, short and long term memory, and the Hebb rule. Hebb’s theories and research are now applied in engineering, robotics, and computer science as well as neurophysiology, neuroscience and psychology (Klien, 1999). The beginning to Hebb’s discoveries began in 1929 when Han’s Berger’s announced that the brain exhibits continuous electrical activity( (Brown, Milner,2003).With this information Hebb sought explanations as to how learning and physiology interact with one other (Brown, Milner, 2003). Hebb found that at the time, explanations as to how learning was developed were by simplistic equations such as the S-R relationship in organisms which to him was too simplistic (Brown, Milner, 2003). He believed that the inborn activity of the path must be taken account for (Brown, Milner, 2003). Hebb thought that psychologist could no longer pretend that the biology of the organism was irrelevant (Brown, Milner, 2003).Behavior as Hebb saw was affected by variables such as attention and psychological theory which could no longer be ignored (Brown, Milner, 2003). Hebb believed that the learning was related to neural activity and current data of the time could not explain the ph enomena. Hebb concluded that Classical Behaviorism could not account for electro-encephalic data which clearly demonstrated the inadequacy of the physiological data on which Classical Behaviorism was based on (Brown, Milner, 2003). As a result Hebb developed neural theory with the current neurophysiological data (Brown, Milner, 2003). One of the key findings of Hebb was the cell assembly. Understanding how environmental objects we experience impact the brain led Hebb to the discovery of the cell assembly. The cell assembly is a pattern of neural activity that is caused when an environmental object or event is experienced (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Furthermore when the cell assembly is well developed, the person is able to think of the entire event following the stimulation of the assembly, even if the object itself or the event is physically absent (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). When a cell assembly fires we experience the event or thought the assembly represents (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Thought or ideas according to Hebb, is the cell assemblies neurological basis (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The next influential finding of Hebb was the phase sequence. The phase sequence is a sequence of temporarily related cell assemblies. A phase sequence occurs when cell assemblies consistently follow one another in time form(Olsen Hergenhahn,2013). Once a phase sequence is developed a temporarily integrated series of assembly activities amount to one current stream of thought (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). When a single cell assembly or combination of assemblies in a phase sequence is fired, the entire phase sequence tends to fire (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). As a result of the phase sequence firing, one experiences a stream of thought which is a series of ideas arranged in a type of logical order (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Another important finding of Hebb was his development of arousal theory which explained reinforcement. Hebb discovered that there are times in which too much noise or commotion may allow one to not think clearly while at other times, one may need to shake themselves awake to keep up with optimal performance (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb discovered that these reactions suggests that there is a level of stimulation in which must not be too high or low to produce optimal cognitive functioning (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). This relationship led to Hebb’s development of arousal theory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Arousal theory according to Hebb is the contention in which brain wave activity ranges from very fast to very slow with a rate in between that allows for the optimal performance of certain tasks. (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb contributed towards developing the differentiation between long term and short term memory .Hebb completely developed the distinction between different kinds of memory and theorized on the underlying physiological mechanisms (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb believed in two forms of memory which consists of long term and short term memory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Short term memory according to Hebb, lasts less than a minute and is related with the reverberating of neural activity created by an environmental event (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). However if an experience is repeated enough it is stored as long term memory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The process in which short term memory is converted into long term memory is defined as consolidation (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Another major contribution of Hebb lays in a learning rule. The Hebb rule is a learning rule used in computer simulation which refers to Hebb’s idea that when two cells are active together, the connection between them is strengthened (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013), The Hebb rule is a mathematical statement which tries to capture Hebb’s contention that the connection between two cells that are active simultaneously will be strengthened or made more efficient (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The similarities of Hebb and Pavlov’s theories is that Hebb’s ideas concerning formation of associations between areas that are contiguously active are not that much different from Pavlov’s (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Comparatively, Hebb like Pavlov was not the first researcher to use his ideas about brain function to theorize about higher cognitive processes (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Furthermore, it could be said the Hebb may have changed the level of analysis from larger areas of the brain to smaller numbers of neurons but maintained the basic principles of Pavlov (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). The differences between Hebb and Pavlov’s theory is that Hebb along with Lashley discovered that Pavlovian theory had restrictions specifically in the belief that the brain was a complex switchboard. (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). For instance, the switchboard view of the brain assumed that sensory events stimulate specific areas of the brain and learning causes a change in neural circuitry so that sensory events come to stimulate areas other than those they originally stimulated (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Conversely Hebb and Lashley discovered through their research on rats that the location of destroyed portions of the brain was not as important as the amount of destruction (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Lashley further proved through the principle of mass action that the disruption of learning and retention goes up when the amount of cortical destruction goes up regardless of the location of the destruction (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Furthermore, when the cortex functions as a whol e during learning, and suppose one part of the cortex is destroyed then the other parts of the cortex take over the destroyed portion’s function (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb and Lashley’s discoveries show that the brain did not act like a simple switchboard. Hebb impacted the field of learning through his discoveries on the effects of environment and neural development and arousal theory (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Hebb believed there were two kinds of learning (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). First is the gradual buildup of cell assemblies and phase sequences during infancy and early childhood (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Both cell assemblies and phase sequences in early childhood develop in early learning in which the objects and events in the environment have neurological representations (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). As a result of this neural development, children can think of an object or event, series of objects and events, when it is not physically present (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). According to Hebb the second kind of learning, occurs when cell assemblies and phase sequences are developed in early life, then subsequent learning involves their rearrangement (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). One way of putting it, once the building blocks have been e stablished (first kind of learning) they can then be rearranged in numerous configurations (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Another contribution to the field of learning was Hebb’s arousal theory. Arousal theory shows that for any given student or task efficient learning occurs when there is an optimal level of arousal (Olsen Hergenhahn, 2013). Together environment and neural development along with arousal theory have contributed towards the field of education. References Brown, R. E., Milner, P. M. (2003). The legacy of Donald O. Hebb: More than the Hebb synapse. Nature Reviews/Neuroscience, 4, 1019. Klien, R. M. (1999). The Hebb legacy. Canadian Journal for Experimental Psychology, 53(1), 3. Olsen, M. H., Hergenhahn, B. R. (2013) Introduction to theories of learning. 9th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. 9780205871865 University of Alberta Canada. (2008). Dr. Donald Hebb. Retrieved from http://www.psych.ualberta.ca/GCPWS/index.html Export Strategy: Advantages and Disadvantages Export Strategy: Advantages and Disadvantages 1.0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The purpose of this report was to analyze the different strategies for exporting that are available to an organization internationalizing for the first time. Specific objectives were to identify the drawbacks and benefits of an export strategy. The report recommends an organization taking up exporting as a means of internationalization but also emphasizes that for exporting to be fully successful, the organization must approach it in a systematic way so that it may derive the full benefits associated with exporting. 2.0. TERMS OF REFERENCE My name is Amina J M Matongo,I am a student studying for my Bachelor of Arts in Business Studies at The Zambia Centre For accountancy Studies through the Greenwich University. The content in this report is based on examining different export strategies available to a firm wishing to internationalize for the first time and the advantages and disadvantages of an export strategy. 3.0. METHODOLOGY The information contained and gathered in this report has been collected from international business literature, texts, past knowledge and the World Wide Web. 4.0. INTRODUCTION A number of market entry strategies are available for a firm wishing to internationalize into foreign markets. Entry strategies include Exporting, Licensing, Franchising, strategic alliances, joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries. But because exporting entails limited risk, expense and knowledge of foreign markets and transactions, most organizations prefer exporting as their primary foreign market strategy. Exporting is a strategy of producing products or services in one country (often the producers home country), and then selling and distributing to customers in another country. The organization that is exporting retains its manufacturing activities in the home market but conducts marketing, distribution and customer service activities in the export market, the firm may conduct the latter activities itself or contract with an independent distributor or agent to have them performed (Cavusgil, Knight ,Riesenberger). Organizations venturing abroad for the first time, use exporting as an entry strategy, but beyond primary entry, all types of firms, large and small use exporting regardless of their stage of internationalization. Large companies such as Boeing and Toyota have used exporting in conjunction with other entry strategies. Compared to more complex strategies such as foreign direct investment (FDI), the exporter can both enter and withdraw from the markets fairly easily, with minimal risk and expense. Exporting may be employed repeatedly during the firms internationalization process.(reference 1) 4.1. The reasons why organizations internationalize include To seek opportunities for growth through market diversification. Substantial market potential exists outside the home country and this is how firms both large and small generate more than half their sales from markets abroad. Many foreign markets may be underserved for example high emerging markets, thus they have high demand and less intense competitive pressures which entails higher margins and profits for the firm. Firms are better able to serve key customers who have relocated abroad. For example when Toyota opened its first factory in the UK, many Japanese auto parts suppliers followed, establishing their own operations there. To gain access to lower-cost or better-value factors of production .Internationalization enables the firm to access capital, technology, managerial talent, labor and land at lower costs, higher quality, or better overall value at locations worldwide. Another driver for internationalization is that the firm is able to develop economies of scale in sourcing, production, marketing and RD .Also the firm will be closer to supply sources, benefit from global sourcing advantages, and gain new ideas about products, services and business methods. Unique foreign environments expose firms to new ideas for products, processes and business methods. (reference 2). 5.0. DISCUSSION According to Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger, the more experienced managers will use a systematic approach to exporting to improve the firms prospects for successful exporting. This approach should be as follows: 5.1.1. Step one, assess global market opportunity Management assesses the various global market opportunities available to the organization. The organizations readiness to internationalize and choose the most attractive export markets, identifies qualified distributors and other foreign business partners then estimates industry market potential and company sales potential. 5.1.2. Step two, organize for Exporting The second step is for managers to address the questions of what types of financial, managerial and productive resources should be committed to exporting? And to what extent should the firm rely on domestic and foreign intermediaries to carry out exporting? Options open to the organization are either to use indirect exporting which is exporting through intermediaries in the home market or direct exporting which is through intermediaries in the foreign market. 5.1.3. Step three, Acquire needed skills and competences Exporting is often complex and as a result requires specialized skills and competencies. Meaning the organization will need to acquire these skills and competencies, train staff and engage appropriate facilitating firms such as freight forwarders ,bankers etc. 5.1.4. Step four, Implement the export strategy In this final stage, management formulates elements of the organizations export strategy. This may involve product adaptation to modify a product to make it fit the needs and tastes of buyers. In export markets with many competitors, the exporter needs to adapt its products/services in order to gain a competitive advantage. For example when Microsoft markets computer software in Germany, it must ensure the software is written in German. Marketing communications adaptation refers to modifying advertising, selling, public relations and promotional activities to suit individual markets. Marketing activities are adapted depending on the nature of the target market, nature of the product/service, the firms position relative to competitors and managements specific goals and objectives. Price competitiveness refers to efforts to keep foreign pricing in line with that of competitors, the exporter may need to charge competitive prices .In the case of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), they may lack the resources to compete head to head on pricing with larger rivals. Such companies do not compete based on price but by emphasizing the non-price benefits of their products/services such as quality, reliability and brand leadership. Distribution strategy often hinges on developing strong and mutually beneficial relations with foreign intermediaries. Companies provide ongoing support to distributors and subsidiaries in the form of sales force, training, technical assistance, marketing know how, promotional support and pricing incentives. In markets with numerous competitors, the exporter may need to boost the capabilities of distributors. SOURCE: Adapted from Cavusgil et al,strategy, management and the new realities, pearson, 2008.pg 391. 6.0. STRATEGIES FOR EXPORTING MAY BE LOOSELY GROUPED INTO THREE CATEGORIES 6.1. Direct Exporting Direct exporting involves direct marketing and selling to the client that is contracting with intermediaries located in the foreign market to perform export functions; intermediaries include foreign based sales agents and distributors. These intermediaries or agents perform downstream value chain activities in the target market. If a firm has a reasonably accessible market, direct exporting of products and services may be a viable option .But where the firm faces less familiar markets with different legal and regulatory environments, business practices, customs and or preferences, direct exporting may not be an attractive option. A local partner for example may be better able to manage these complexities and serve the organizations potential clients better. 6.1.1. Advantages of direct exporting The exporting company will be able to establish a direct contact with a foreign trading partner, and not only operates through its own foreign trade companies abroad but also has the best opportunity for direct participation in foreign transactions. Target management and control of the sales become possible which is unrealistic in the case of indirect exports. The strategy offers potential for higher profits because of more direct contact. Direct exports may also enable the producer to have a closer relationship with foreign buyers and the marketplace. Direct exporting is applicable to a wider range of goods and services. 6.1.2. Disadvantages of direct exporting Direct exports are affected by other conditions. For example, the deterioration of exchange rates, if the rate of domestic currencies of third countries increases on the markets where the firm exports, it may cause the company to become relatively uncompetitive in overseas markets. Direct exporting may be inappropriate for goods with a short work life and are unlikely to be exported, goods such as those which may have high transport costs or goods that require complex after -sales service which cannot be granted by resellers. Direct exporting may require the producer to acquire new capabilities like marketing skills and financial resources in order to be able to contract with clients or business partners. 6.2. Indirect Exporting This method of exporting is mainly used by producers in the transportation, Automobile and Equipment manufacturing industries. For example, the Toyota Motor corporation. Indirect exporting entails contracting with intermediaries in the producers home country to perform export functions; these are intermediaries such as an export management company (EMC) or a Trading company. These intermediaries are responsible for finding foreign buyers in the target market, shipping products and receiving payment. The types of intermediaries Domestic based exporting merchants who sell the products abroad and domestic based export agents who sell on behalf of the exporter but do not take title of the products; agents are usually paid by commission. The producer/ exporter should exercise caution when selecting an agent or distributor for indirect exporting. 6.2.1. The advantages of indirect exporting The principal advantage of indirect exporting for most organizations is that it provides a way to penetrate the foreign markets without the complexities and risks of more direct exporting. The international organization can start exporting with no incremental investment in fixed capital, low startup costs and few risks, but with prospects for incremental sales. The exporter will have less complexity in dealing with when selling products in foreign markets, complexities which range from clashing cultures to volatile exchange rates. The exporter will not have to worry about managing product distribution in a foreign country as this is done by an export partner. The market entry barriers tend to be less in this form of exporting. In indirect exporting, the legal relationships exist between the organizations supplier (intermediary) and its immediate client buyer. Questions of jurisdiction in international lawsuits become less of an issue for the indirect exporter. The aspect of managing ongoing end user relationships is eliminated for the producer. Compared with other forms of access to foreign markets and their development, indirect exports require scarce resources. This will be an advantage for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) wishing to internationalize. The producer will have more time to focus on the core competencies of their business operations. Indirect exporting does not require a lot of organizational effort or commitment of staff workers, the firm only employs a small number of employees as the main work is carried out by foreign trade partners. In the event that this export strategy does not lead to achievement of goals, the exporter can easily withdraw from the market. 6.2.2. The disadvantages of indirect exporting The main disadvantage of indirect exports is that not all brokers are using the optimum market potential and opportunities for marketing, thus mistakes and miscalculations in their actions affect the income of producers of export goods. Indirect exporting may lead to diminishing returns in the long run as trading partners try to get maximum profit from their service as mediators. While the exporter using intermediaries to export can save a lot of money in the short and medium term, this type of supplier has little or no control over the business activities in international markets. By using an intermediary, the indirect exporter may lose out on brand recognition and loyalty in international markets, thus leaving this opportunity and domain to larger firms. Lastly the producer using indirect exports may lack recognition from the end users of the product or service, who are much more familiar with the end product. 6.2.3 The third option open to exporters is to export by establishing strategic partnerships with other organizations or individuals that have complementary skills or capabilities. The partner may often provide the insight, contacts and experience that fill the gap in the organizations export readiness. The advantage is that an alliance with a company selling a complementary product or service can provide the producer with more effective market access, resulting in more foreign sales in less time. A disadvantage may be that the two partners will not achieve synergistic benefits causing a failure in organizations export ventures. It should be noted though that many organizations use both approaches for different foreign markets. Key issues for deciding whether to use direct or indirect exporting are (1) the level of resources in terms of time, capital and managerial expertise that management is willing to commit to international expansion and individual markets;(2) the strategic importance of the foreign market; (3) the nature of the firms products, including the need for after sales support and (4) the availability of capable foreign intermediaries in the target market.(reference 3). 7.0. AN EXPORT STRATEGY As mentioned earlier ,exporting is the strategy of producing in the home country and then selling to buyers in foreign markets or abroad .Organizations that use exporting as a strategy include 3M (the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.) which makes tape, sand paper and medical products amongst other products. 3M is a major exporter with revenues of over $2billion in exports. Another export success story is FCX (based in west Virginia) systems which makes power converters for the aerospace industry ,this organization generates over half of its $20million in annual sales from exports to more than 50countries(reference 4),a third example would be the Toyota Motor Corporation. The advantages and disadvantages of exporting to the above named organizations are: 7.1. Advantages Organizations can increase sales volume, improve market share and generate profit margins that are often more favorable than in the domestic market. The exporter is able to diversify the customer base, reducing dependence on home markets. For example Toyota is in different regions thus they have a diverse customer base. Economies of scale will increase and therefore reduce the per unit cost of manufacturing. Exporting allows the exporter to minimize risk and maximize flexibility that is compared to other forms of internationalization. If situations necessitate, the firm can quickly withdraw from an export market. As compared to other forms of entry, exporting is a low risk, low cost strategy as it does not require the exporter to establish a physical presence there. Organizations can test potential markets before committing greater resources. The exporter is able to stabilize fluctuations in sales associated with economic cycles or seasonality of demand. For example, a firm can offset declining demand at home due to an economic recession by refocusing efforts toward those countries that are experiencing more robust economic growth. Also the exporter is able to leverage the capabilities and skills of foreign distributors and other business partners located abroad. Lastly the exporting organization is able to develop meaningful foreign relationships abroad. 7.2. Disadvantages Compared to foreign direct investment, the exporter has fewer opportunities to acquire and learn knowledge about customers, competitors and the marketplace. Meaning that it may fail to perceive opportunities and threats. An export strategy will require the organization to acquire new capabilities and dedicate organizational resources to properly conduct export transactions .Firms that are serious about exporting must hire staff with competency in international transactions and foreign languages. Exporting is much more sensitive to tariff and other trade barriers and fluctuations in exchange rates. Many of the pitfalls associated with exporting can be avoided if a company hires an experienced export management company, or export consultant, and if it adopts the appropriate export strategy. (Hill, 2009). 8.0. CONCLUSIONS Firms venturing abroad for the first time usually use exporting as their mode of entry. Exporting is also the entry strategy most favored by small and medium-sized enterprises. But beyond initial entry all types of firms, large and small use exporting regardless of their stage of internationalization. Exporting is the entry strategy responsible for the massive inflows and outflows that constitute global trade. Exporting typically generates substantial foreign exchange earnings for nations. For example in the United States, SMEs account for a great proportion of all U.S exporters. From 1992 to 2004, they represented nearly 100 percent of the growth in the U.S exporter population, swelling from about 108,000 firms in 1992 to over 225,000 firms by 2004. SMEs were responsible for nearly a third of merchandise exports from the United States in 2006.(Cavusgil, Knight, Riesenberger). 9.0. RECOMMENDATIONS Since it is possible to use both direct and indirect exporting simultaneously in different target markets, my recommendation would be to apply either direct or indirect exporting depending on the target markets and the conditions that prevail in those markets. Both methods of exporting can be used successfully.

Draculas Love Story Essay -- Essays Papers

Dracula's Love Story Bram Stoker’s Dracula is the title of Francis Ford Coppola’s film adaptation of the classic novel Dracula. Coppola signified that the film would stay with the original plot and theme from the novel by putting the author’s name in the title of the film. However, even though he claims that his film is patterned after the novel, Coppola still could not help but put his own twist on the novel by sensualizing the story and adding a love story between Dracula and Mina. By adding a romantic subplot, Coppola makes the viewers feel sympathy for the evil Dracula when he is finally killed at the hand of his loved one. Also, the character of Mina turns from heroine in the novel to victim in the movie by having her fall in love with Dracula. Coppola changes the original story of Dracula in the film adaptation in many ways by the addition of a love story between Dracula and Mina. In the film adaptation of Dracula, the origins of the title character are explained to provide a motive for the love obsession between the title character and his lover. In the film, Dracula is said to be the notorious prince of Romania known as Vlad the Impaler. This idea stems from a theory that Bram Stoker actually patterned the character of Dracula after a real prince of Romania named Voivode. The movie shows that after a very bloody battle in 1463 against the Turks, Prince Vlad came back to his castle in Transylvania to find that his adored Elisabeta (played by Winona Ryder) had committed suicide. Dracula says, â€Å"I, Dracula, Voivode of Transylvania, will arise from my own death to avenge hers with all the powers of darkness!† He condemns God and makes a pact with the devil to become immortal by feeding on other ... ...f Dracula’s birth into the world of the undead lays the foundation for the love affair between Dracula and Mina. However, the love story changes the characters of Dracula and Mina drastically from the novel. In the film, Dracula is a character with whom the viewer sympathizes while in the novel he is feared. Mina’s character is strong willed in the novel while in the film she is weak and pathetic. Coppola’s adaptation destroys the characterization of the novel, taking away from Stoker’s image for the novel. The movie, instead of being titled Bram Stoker’s Dracula, should have been titled "Francis Ford Coppola’s Dracula". Works Cited Bram Stoker’s Dracula. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Perf. Gary Oldman, Winona Ryder, Keanu Reeves, and Sir Anthony Hopkins. Columbia TriStar Home Video, 1992. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York: Penguin Books, 1993.

Cash for Organs

Sheila Rivers ENG 101/MWF Oct. 29, 2012 Mr. Viquesney Cash for Organs Charity should be the only basis for organ donation. On the other hand, cash compensation for donating organs should be an option and legalized. With the overwhelming need for organs and not enough donors in the United States, an open, regulated, and legal cash-for-organs market is needed to balance the need and shortage of organs. There will always be a need for organ donations.According to the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), as of October 2012 there are 116,421 men, women, and children on the organ transplant waitlist to receive hearts, livers, kidneys, and other human organs. With a total of only 8,280 donors alive and deceased so far this year, the need for donated organs far exceeds the donation of organs. This need for donated organs leaves a large gap in transplants and consequently patients wait months, even years on the waiting list for donated organs. Every ten minutes another name is added to th e national organ transplant waiting list.By the time patients get on the waiting list they have been evaluated by a transplant doctor and is in end stage organ failure. According to (organdonor. gov) right now, there are more than enough people waiting for an organ to fill a football stadium twice over. On average, 18 people die every day waiting for a transplant that never happens as a direct result of the lack of organ donations. Patients that can afford it will travel to other countries to purchase organs on the black market to save their life. The National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) passed in 1984, made the buying and selling of human organs in the United States illegal.Over all too many people die each year waiting for a donated organ that is not available to save their life. The option to sell an organ should be solely left up to the individual who wants to do so, as long as the procedure and all the risks that are involved are fully understood. If someone decides to sell and organ to who ever they want, for a momentary compensation they should have the right to do so. It will not only save the life of the recipient, but also financially compensate the donor in return. After all it is their body and the government should not have the right to tell people that selling an organ for compensation is illegal.With so many people dying and waiting for a life saving organ transplant, this would decrease the deaths and wait time for an organ. In 1988 Iran became one of the first Nations to permit and regulate payment and other incentives for living donor transplants. As a result, the number of renal transplants performed substantially increased such that in 1999, the renal transplant waitlist was completely eliminated. Currently, Iran has no renal transplant waiting list. With results such as this, proves that cash for human organs can potentially eliminate the transplant waitlist in the United States.A number of transplant experts have been convinced tat provid ing financial incentives to organ sources, as an alternative to altruistic organ donation needs careful reconsideration. By permitting an open, regulated, and legal cash-for-organs market this could save the lives of the people who suffer and die daily because of kidney failure while waiting for a donated kidney. The director of Kidney Health Australia said â€Å"if it was carefully regulated in a way that avoided any potential abuse and was organized by the government or some other process that was meaningful, a pilot would be worthwhile doing† [Mathew].If there were some kind of compensation for organ donations, more people would be interested and willing to become organ donors. The kidney is the only organ a person can sell or donate and safely continue to live without. Even though we are born with two kidneys a person can live a full and normal life with just one, in addition to living just as long as a person with two. In the case of a kidney, a love donor is capable of living successfully after a transplant surgery, because over the years surgeries have become safer and less invasive for the donor with less down time.According to the registry data from UNOS, research has shown that a kidney from a live donor is the best option for long-term transplantation. Over the years the number of living donors have steadily decreased while the deceased donors have increased, although the increase in not enough to offset the decrease. NOTA was also created to address the critical organ donation shortage and improve the organ matching and placement process. As said, â€Å"Due to the high success rate of organ transplants over the years it has made getting an organ more difficult.Improved survival rates and the expectation that organ replacement will enhance quality of life have encouraged more doctors and their patients with organ failure to opt for transplantation† [Klein]. The early organ transplants performed routinely had a high mortality rate; the major issue was the patients’ immune system rejected the foreign organ. Throughout the years with the introduction of medicine has helped lower the mortality rate due to the rejection of the foreign organ and organ transplants have become more routine and less experimental.To their surprise, donors do not understand or know how many lives are saved or can be saved simply by donating organs. There are no age requirements to being an organ donor. The fact is everyone can be an organ donor; anybody under the age of eighteen has to have a parental consent. The process of convincing individuals to be an organ donor is challenging, and some of these challenges are a lack of knowledge, fear of premature death, and the lack of trust of the medical profession. Most people do not know what the process of organ donation is and how it works to save lives.People feel that if the doctor knew they where an organ donor he/she would not put as much effort into saving their life because of thi s. If people had a better understanding and more knowledge about the process of organ donation more people would be willing to donate organs to help save lives. Charity should not be the only option for organ donation. When charity is the only option the donor do not have the right to give their organ to who they wish. With so many people on the waitlist for an organ transplant and way to few donors there needs to be another way to attract donors.The cash for organ program that has shown a success in other countries should be looked at on a more serious note. Due to the shortage sever shortage of donated organs that has led to needless death of so many people, the cash for organs seems to be a very legitimate way to save lives. Until modern medicine can completely grow fully develop human organs there will always be a need for human organs and the fastest way to obtain organs for transplant is to offer monetaury compensation.The compensation for human organs will open up a market fo r willing donors. Bibliography optn. transplant. hrsa. gov unos. org Klein, Andrew S. , MD, director of Cedar’s-Sinai Medical Center Declining Organ Donations, Causes Widening Need Gap, Life Science, 22 March 2010 Ahad, Ghods J. , Dr. ‘Iranian Model of Paid and Regulated Living-Unrelated Kidney Donation. † Cjasn. asnjournals. org N. p. , n. d. Web Page 1 www. unos. org Page 2 www. optn. transplant. hrsa. gov Page 2 Andrew S. Klein, MD, director of Cedar’s-Sinai Medical Center

Desdemona as a Victim in the Tragedy of Othello Essay

Desdemona as a victim in The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is widely known for his famous plays, sonnets, and other works including the tragedy. In The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice, many characters are unjustly victimized. Throughout the play, Othello’s wife, Desdemona, is a victim of many false statements that lead to her ultimate death. In the beginning, Brabantio, Desdemona’s father, believes that Desdemona is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. As the play progresses, Othello, who is overcome with jealousy, falsely accuses Desdemona of having an affair with his lieutenant and best friend, Michael Cassio. After acquiring â€Å"proof† that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair, Othello becomes so enraged to the point that he kills Desdemona. In conclusion, it is pretty obvious that Desdemona is unjustly victimized. In the beginning of the play, Brabantio believes that his daughter, Desdemona, is a victim under a spell of the Moor Othello. Because of this Desdemona has betrayed her father and she is said to be dead to him. Ay, to me. She is abus’d, stol’n from me, and corrupted  By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks; For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense, Sans witchcraft could not. (Oth. 1. 3. 59-64) In this quote, Brabantio tells the Senators that Desdemona is dead to him because she married Othello. He is sure that Desdemona is either being tricked or drugged because there is no way she would make the mistake of not only marrying behind his back, but also marrying a black man. Shawn Smith states that from the moment Brabantio learned of his daughter’s marriage, he was not happy with Othello, accusing him of witchcraft. †¦ [Desdemona’s suffering] initially appears in Othello in a formal legal setting when, in the first act, Brabantio initiates a suit against his new son-in-law, accusing him of improperly obtaining the love of Desdemona† (13). During this suit, Brabantio discovers that Desdemona intended to marry Othello and that she was not under a spell; because of this, he disowns his own daughter. She is considered a victim in this situation not only because her father disowns her, but because she was falsely accused of being under a pell her husband created. As the play progresses, the dishonest Iago tells Othello that Desdemona is having an affair with his best friend, Michael Cassio. At first Othello does not believe Iago, but after acquiring â€Å"proof,† he falsely accuses Desdemona of not being faithful. â€Å" . . . She’s gone, I am abus’d, and my relief/ Must be to loathe her† (Oth. 3. 3. 269-270). Because he thinks his wife is cheating on him, Othello believes that his only solution is to hate Desdemona, even though it will tear him apart. Desdemona is a victim in this scenario because she is being falsely accused of cheating on her husband. She can also be considered a victim because of words that she chooses throughout this act. After Othello fires Cassio from his position as lieutenant for being drunk and disorderly on the job, Desdemona promises that she will make sure Othello forgives and forgets. â€Å"He [Othello] now believes that Cassio has despoiled Desdemona, and for that he seeks the cuckold’s vengeance. No longer the doubtful, frustrated falconer, he has become the convinced, determined avenger† (Carson 193). Othello is one hundred percent convinced that Desdemona is being unfaithful and he makes a rash decision to no longer be a trustworthy, loving husband, but rather a mean and vengeful man. Because she is stubborn with her words and actions, Othello mistakes her to be in love with Cassio. This does not work out for Desdemona in the end. Othello becomes so enraged and jealous at Cassio and Desdemona that he believes the only solution is to have Cassio killed and kill Desdemona himself. After â€Å"hearing† Cassio being murdered, he makes his way back to Desdemona’s chamber where he plans to strangle her in her sleep. Desdemona wakes up and after asking if she has said her prayers, Othello informs her of his plan. â€Å"Sweet soul, take heed,/ Take heed of perjury; thou art on thy death-bed† (Oth. 5. 2. 51-52). While he is in the act of killing her, Emilia, Desdemona’s attendant and friend, shows up. He lets her into the room and after she discovers the body of her mistress, she questions Othello as to who has murdered Desdemona. Othello replies, â€Å" . . . ‘Twas I that kill’d her† (Oth. 5. 2. 131). Shawn Smith paints a sad picture with his description of the reactions of playgoers and actors of Desdemona’s death. When Othello murders her, the horrible injustice of the act causes both the characters on the stage and playgoers, such as Henry Jackson, to be moved to pity her unmerited suffering† (7). Anyone who reads or watches the play will be moved with such an enormous amount of pity that they can’t help but see Desdemona as a victim under her horrifying husband, Othello. Desdemona can clearly be seen as a victim at the end of the play, not only because of all the false accusations made against her, but because of her murder. Throughout the play, Desdemona is a victim in many situations that lead to her ultimate death. Her father, Brabantio, believes that she is under the spell of Othello and after finding out that she willingly married him, he disowns her. Her own husband is overcome with jealousy made by false accusations and believes that she is cheating on him with his best friend. His jealousy and anger get so out of hand that Othello murders Desdemona in the end, not only because of the rumor, but because of her own words. If Desdemona had not been murdered, she would not be seen as a great victim. Her murder and the events leading up to it show that she is unjustly victimized throughout the entire play.